Shakuntala pdf download Kalidasas Shakuntala And The Doctrine Of Rasa. Shakuntala script pdf Write the dissertation on Kalidasas play, Shakuntala. Pdf shakuntala devi puzzles free download I owe my.Internet Archive BookReader - Sakuntala, a Sanskrit drama, in seven acts. The Deva-Nagari recension of the text, ed. Shakuntala devi pdf download.
AdvertisementNatak Samagra a Lot Collection by Various Authors ebooks pdfFile Type- PDFQualities- Nice, without any watermarkDrama is an instrument of social change. It is conventional from ancient times. Usually, the drama is performed by acting on a stage and followed by a written manuscript. And this drama literature has been very popular from the period of William Shakespeare. Michael Madhusudan Dutta is a notable name in the field of Bangla drama who got the primary success as a dramatist.
His first play, “Sharmistha” is great acted in Belgachhia theater. From that time, Bengali drama has touched the popularity.Friends, today I have brought a huge collection of Bangla Dramas of various writers as Manoj Mitra, Utpal Dutta, Rudraprasad Sengupta, Badal Sarkar, Tripti Mitra.Readers can collect also a lot Bangla drama book of the dramatist.And.Monoj Mitra–He began acting in theater in 1957 in Calcutta.
In 1979, he began acting in movies. He is the principal of Rabindra Bharati University Department of Theater and worked as a teacher of philosophy in various College. The first drama of his writing is ‘Mrityur Chokhe Jol’.Pages- 462Size- 10mbPages- 503Size- 34mbPages- 467Size- 32mbUtpal Dutta–He was performed al first in the opera in Bangla. Dutta has a reputation as a comedian and he considered as the most influential figure in group theater. Among the most famous plays of his- ‘Tiner Taloar, Manusher Adhikar.Pages- 528Size- 32mb.
Pages- 322Size- 14mbBadal Sarkar–Sudhindra Sarkar, who later became known as Badal Sarkar. In 1968, he received the Sangeet Natak Academy award and the Padma Shri in 1972. In 1956, he wrote the first play- ‘Solution X’.Pages- 532Size- 32mbPages- 492Size- 28Pages- 544Size- 28Tripti Mitra–Her nickname was Tripti Bhaduri and was a popular Indian actress of Bengali language theater and cinema. In 1948, she assisted in the establishment of Bahurupi Natyadal. In 196, she was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award and In 1971, the Padma Shri award.Pages- 251Size- 18mbRudraprasad Sengupta–He is an actor and theater director.
He joined Nandika group theater in Kolkata in 1961 and directed many plays as a director of this theater.Pages- 380Size- 25mbReaders can collect also.
SHAKUNTALAIndian mythology is vibrant and colourful and presents some of theworld's best ever romantic legends. Sanskrit literature, especially, isa rich treasure trove of tales that are sensuous and passionateand rouse the romantics in each of us. Epics such as the andthe Mahabharata comprise several charming stories of love betweenmortals, kings and queens, and Goddesses. The divine and undyingemotion of love is further celebrated by great poets and writers ofancient India.One such legend is that of Shakuntala, the daughter of sage Vishwamitraand the beautiful Apsara, Menaka.
This tale revolves round the love ofShakuntala and the mighty king, Dushyanta. Originally mentioned in theMahabharata, the story of Shakuntala has been immortalized by way ofthe Abhijyanashakuntalam, written by the great poet, Kalidasa.Brahmarishi VishwamitraShakuntala was born to sage Vishwamitra and the heavenly Apsara Menaka.Menaka had been ordered by Indra, the King of the Devas, to travel downto earth and distract the great sage from his mighty and powerfulpenance.Indra was well aware of Vishwamitra's powers and feared that if he grewany stronger spiritually, he would easily be able to usurp his ownthrown and start ruling the Devaloka. Before we go into the actualstory of Shakuntala, let us first look at the life and times of herparents, Vishwamitra and Menaka.
GAYATRI MANTRA WITH OMBrahmarishi Vishwamitra is one of the most revered rishis of ancientIndia. Also a great scholar, he is credited as the author of much ofMandala 3 of the Rigveda, including the Gayatri Mantra. According tothe Puranas, Vishwamitra is the first among only 24 ancient rishis tohave understood the actual brilliance and meaning of the GayatriMantra.
Vishwamitra's mentioned is also found in several legendarystories and in different works of the Sanatana Dharma.Vishwamitra, a descendant of the mighty King Kusha (not Lord 'sson), was also called Kaushika. He was originally a king of ancientIndia.
Vishwamitra ruled the earth for many thousands of years. Thestory of Vishwamitra appears in various Puranas, with slightdifferences in each one of them.
He was the son of Gadhi, one of thefour sons of Kusha.Vishwamitra Meets Vasistha. KAMADHENUOn one of his expeditions, Kaushika, along with his soldiers, decidedto rest in Rishi Vasistha's ashram (hermitage). The sage welcomed himwholeheartedly and fed and took care of the entire army. The kingwondered as to how it was possible for the humble, simple ashram totake care of all the arrangements to feed an entire army.
When heexpressed his surprise to the sage, Vasistha told him that his littlecalf, Nandini, had provided the food to the entire entourage. Nandini,the daughter of the holy, wish-granting cow, Kamadhenu, was a gift fromIndra.Kaushika immediately started thinking of possessing the calf and howbeneficial it could prove to him and the country at large. He requestedthe sage to hand over Nandini to him. Vasistha was polite, but refusedthe king's request, saying that he would never be tempted by any amountof wealth that Kaushika could offer him.
He knew that Nandini couldoffer infinite times that wealth if he so wished.This angered Kaushika, who poured verbal insults at BrahmarishiVasistha. He then ordered his soldiers to seize the cow, and drive itto his kingdom.
However, the great Vasistha, with his Yogic powers,called forth an entire army of warriors to fight Kaushika's army. Thelatter's army was completely routed and Kaushika was captured andpresented before Vasistha. The sage pardoned Kaushika, spared his lifeand sent him back to his own kingdom.In another version, Vasistha destroyed the whole of the army with thechanting of Aum. Kaushika then undertook penance to appease Lord,who granted him the knowledge of celestial weaponry. Filled with prideand arrogance, Kaushika went back to Vasistha's ashram, only to bequashed again with the power of Vasishta's Brahmadanda or sacred woodenstick.Vishwamitra Becomes a BrahmarishiThe defeat made the king realize how great spiritual power was. Takingthe name Vishwamitra (a friend of the World), he then renounced hiskingdom and undertook penance in order to become a greater rishi thanVasistha. After many years of severe penance and austerities, hefinally attained the title of Brahmarishi and that too, from sageVasishta himself.
This immediately ends their enmity.Interestingly, it was also at this time that he met Menaka and thensired Shankuntala. Vishwamitra's love for Menaka was known to beextremely intense and passionate, much beyond human imagination.Vishwamitra, the Compassionate OneAs a king, Kaushika had been arrogant and haughty, with a vile temper.He had not lost that temper even when he became an ascetic. But as aformer king, Vishwamitra also had a lot of compassion for all aroundand was always willing to help those in trouble.The Story of TrishankuKing Trishanku had been cursed to become a Chandala or untouchable. Hewas hence transformed into a person with an ash-smeared body, clothedin, wearing jewellery made of iron. Trishanku asked his guru,Vasishta, to send him to heaven while in his own body, but the gurutold him that this was not possible. So Trishanku made the same requestto Vishwamitra, who conducted a great yagna, knowing well that this actwould also rob him of all the punya (good karma) that he had gatheredin his lifetime of penance.When none of the Devas accepted Trishanku into heaven, Vishwamitradecided to use his Yogic powers and ordered him to ascend to heaven.Trishanku did rise to heaven, but was rejected by Indra. Enraged bythis, the mighty Vishwamitra created a different heaven for the king,called the Trishanku Swarga.
He stopped only when Brihaspati orderedhim to do so. Ultimately, though, the king did not enjoy his exclusiveheaven and was then transformed into a constellation.In the Ramayana. APSARAMenaka was a stunningly beautiful Apsara who captured the hearts of theDevas, Suras and Asuras alike. An Apsara is a celestial nymph or acelestial maiden, with spiritual powers. Youthful and vibrant, they arealso well-versed in all the fine arts. They are married to theGandharvas and serve Indra in his court, by singing and dancing to themusic created by their husbands.Apsaras are believed to be capable of changing their shape at will. Thefour most famous Apsaras are Urvashi, Rambha, Tilottama and Menaka.
Outof them, Menaka was the one who was the most beautiful, as also themost powerful.Fearing that Vishwamitra's steep spiritual rise would enable him tooverthrow Indra and rule Devaloka, Indra ordered Menaka to go down toEarth and break his penance. Accordingly, Menaka appeared in front ofVishwamitra and tried her level best to distract him with her dance andmusic. VISHWAMITRA WITH MENAKAFinally, Vishwamitra gave in to her charms. He felt lust and passionwell up inside him when he saw her swimming naked in a lake near thewaterfall. He left his penance to be with her and the two of them madelove for years together.
Though Menaka had come with a mission, sheherself fell deeply in love with Vishwamitra and the two shared apassion experienced by none else.Vishwamitra came to know of Indra's devious trick and was enraged athis cowardly act. However, he was well aware of Menaka's genuine lovefor him and therefore, he merely cursed her that she would be separatedfrom him forever.Menaka left for the heavens and there, she discovered she was pregnantwith Vishwamitra's child. She gave birth to Shakuntala and left theinfant at rishi Kanva's ashram.Shakuntala Shakuntala's Birth.
VISHWAMITRA REJECTS MENAKA AND THEIRDAUGHTERVishwamitra was enraged to find out how he had been duped by Menaka andthe Devas and he also felt ashamed of himself that he had lost all thevirtue he had gained through his many years of penance and ascetism. Hedistanced himself from the and child and got back to hispenance.Knowing that she could not leave the child with him, and wanting to goback to the heavens, Menaka left her newborn in the forest. It was herethat the infant was found by Kanva Rishi. Naming her Shakuntala, KanvaRishi took her to his ashram, on the banks of the Malini River which islocated near the Shivalik hills of the Himalayas. SHAKUNTALAShakuntala's childhood was spent happily roaming around in the greeneryof the hills, along with her two closest friends, Anasuya andPriyamvada. She grew up to be a strikingly beautiful young, whoradiated youth and elegance, though simply clad in cotton garments andflowers for ornaments.
She had a sweet voice and equally sweet andsober as well.So gentle and soft-spoken was she, that even the birds and animalsresiding in the forest were drawn to her. In fact, Shakuntala is oftenportrayed petting deer, who are considered to be some of the most timidanimals, fearing all human contact.Shakuntala Meets Dushyanta. DUSHYANTA AND SHAKUNTALA LOVE AT FIRST SIGHTShakuntala's life turned around when she happened to lay her eyes onDushyanta. Dushyanta was a great King featuring in Indian mythology andclassical Indian literature as well.
He is the central male characterof Kalidasa's great play, Abhignanashakuntalam.His name appears in the Mahabharata as a mighty, powerful and justruler who fought and won many a battle, thereby gaining power over manystates of India. Dushyanta was the son of Ilina and Rathantara.
Hisrule is believed to have spanned from Gandhara (now, Kandahar inAfghanistan) to the Vindhyas and from Sindhu (now, Pakistan) to Banga(now, Bangladesh). SHAKUNTALA WITH DUSHYANTAWhen he expressed his love for her, he realized that Shakuntala tooreciprocated his feelings. The young couple spent many happy hours witheach other.
Dushyanta then secretly married Shakuntala, in accordancewith the Gandharva Vivaha tradition prevalent then. Dushyanta stayedovernight in the ashram and then left for his capital city, promisingShakunatala that he would return soon to take her back to his kingdom,as his lawfully wedded wife. Before leaving, he gave his precious ringto Shakuntala, as a sign of his love for her. He also particularlyasked her not to lose it under any circumstance.Durvasa's Curse.
SHAKUNTALA WRITES A LETTER TO DUSHYANTAAfter Dushyanta's departure from the ashram, Shakuntala spent much timedreaming about him and was often in her own dream world, neither eatingnor sleeping properly. One day, rishi Durvasa, who was infamous for hisnasty temper, came to the ashram. Lost in her thoughts, Shakuntalafailed to notice the sage and greet him properly.Enraged by this insult, Durvasa cursed Shakuntala, saying that theperson of her dreams would forget about her altogether. As he was aboutto depart, one of Shakuntala's friends explained to him the real reasonbehind Shakuntala's distraction and that it was never her intention toinsult the rishi.Understanding Shakuntala's state and realizing that she was trulyinnocent; Durvasa modified his curse saying that the person who hadforgotten Shakuntala would recall everything if she showed him apersonal token of love that had been given to her. SHAKUNTALA PINES FOR KING DUSHYANTA, WITHPRIYAMVADA AND ANUSUYATime passed by and Shakuntala started wondering why Dushyanta did notreturn for her. In a few weeks' time, Shakuntala panicked when realizedthat she was pregnant with Dushyanta's child.
Very soon, her conditionwould become obvious to one and all around. She confided in KanvaMaharshi, who immediately decided to send her to her husband,Dushyanta.Shakuntala Loses the RingIt was the day for Shakuntala to leave for the capital city.
Dressed inbeautiful silk attire, Shakuntala left the ashram along with her fosterfather. On the way to the kingdom, Shakuntala and her entourage had tocross a river by a canoe. Attracted to the sheer beauty of the river,Shakuntala ran her fingers through the deep blue water. At this moment,the ring given to her by Dushyanta slipped off her finger, without herrealizing it.
A fish swimming in the river swallowed the ring.Dushyanta Forgets ShakuntalaWhen she reached Dushyanta's court, a message was sent to the kingabout the arrival of a woman who claimed to be his wife. Unfortunately,Dushyanta had lost his memory, due to Durvasa's curse. He did notrecall anything at all about Shakuntala and their wedding. Hence, herefused to accept Shakuntala as his wife. Shakuntala tried to remindhim of their meeting, the hours they had spent in each other's company,the night he had stayed on in the ashram and so on. But Dushyantaremembered nothing.In a final bid, Shakuntala told him about the ring he had given her andraised her hand to show it to him.
Only then did she realize that ithad fallen off somewhere and that she had lost it forever.Shakuntala Gives BirthUtterly humiliated and dejected, Shakuntala returned to a remote partthe forest, where she, in due course of time, gave birth to a beautifulbaby boy. Bharata, as she named him, was one day destined to become oneof the most powerful icons of Indian history.Bharata gradually grew older and turned out to be a strong, handsomeyouth. Having been raised in the forest, he moved around with the wildanimals there and grew to be fearless, healthy and extremely active andagile. He used to ride the wild animals and often made a sport ofopening the mouths of lions and tigers in order to count their teeth.When the time came, Shakuntala taught him the art of archery and alsothe use of weapons. She also acquainted him with the Vedas and theUpanishads.
Bharata soon grew to become a handsome and intelligentyoung man - veritably, a prince in exile!Dushyanta Regains His MemoryIn the meantime, a fisherman was utterly surprised to find a royal ringinside the belly of a fish he had caught. He found the ring when he cutup the fish and recognizing the royal seal, he took the ring toDushyanta. As he held the ring, Dushyanta immediately recalled his past- his love for Shakuntala, the wonderful time spent with her and thememories of his lovely bride. He felt very bad about the way he hadrudely driven away his own pregnant wife from his court, insulting herin front of one and all present there.Dushyanta Meets Bharata. BHARAT PLAYS WITH LIONESS AND HER CUBWasting no more time, Dushyanta immediately set out to find Shakuntala.Arriving at her father's ashram, he realized that she had left there.He decided to move deeper into the forest to find her. He then suddenlystopped when he came upon a surprising scene - a young lad had priedopen the mouth of a lion and was counting its teeth!Utterly amazed, Dushyanta asked the boy his name. More surprise was instore for him, as the boy said that he was Bharata, the son of KingDushyanta.
Then, at Dushyanta's request, the boy took him toShakuntala. Dushyanta narrated to her all that he had been through inthe past few days, how he had lost his memory and how he could nowremember everything. Finally, he asked her to join him again and thus,the family was reunited.Another Version of the Story. MENAKA TAKES SHAKUNTALA TO HEAVENThere is yet another version of this story. It goes on to narrate howMenaka took Shakuntala back to Heaven when Dushyanta refused to accepther as his wife.
Shakuntala stayed on there till she gave birth toBharata.Meanwhile, Dushyanta had to wage war against the Devas - his reward wasto be reunited with his wife and son. He emerged the victor in thisbattle and after that, he had a vision, which surprised him.He saw a young boy counting the teeth of a lion. His kavach (armour)had fallen off his arm.
The Devas told Dushyanta that only Bharata'smother or father could tie it back on his arm. Dushyanta successfullytied the kavach on his arm.
Surprised and confused, Bharata took theking to his mother Shakuntala and told her that this person claimed tobe his father.Shakuntala was amazed to see Dushyanta again and told Bharata that theking was indeed his father. Thus the family was reunited in Heaven.They then returned to earth to rule for many years before the birth ofthe Pandavas.The Story of Emperor BharataBharata, the son of Shakuntala and Dushyanta, went on to become alegendary Indo-Aryan emperor of India, who was given equal important inboth and mythology. Belonging to the Kashyapa clan of HinduBrahmins, he is considered to be the ancestor of all those belonging toKashyapa linage.Bharata was a mighty emperor who conquered all of Greater India,unifying it into a single entity, which was named after him, as theBharatavarsha. According to the Mahabharata, Bharatavarsha spanned overthe entire Indian subcontinent, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan, Kyrgistan, Bactria and Persia. Today, the term'Bharatavarsha' officially implies only the Republic of India.
PURANAAbout Bharatavarsha, the Vishnu Purana says:' Uttaram yatsamudrasya himadreschaivadakshinamVarshamtadbharatam naama bharati yatra santatihi'Translated in English, this means:' The country that lies in the northof the ocean and in the south of the snowy mountains is calledBharatam. Therein reside the descendants of Bharata.' According to some other Puranas, the Bharatavarsha implies the whole ofPlanet Earth, and not just India.EtymologyThe name Bharata in Sanskrit, stands for 'the cherished one'. Duringchildhood, Bharata was also referred to as Sarvadamana, which means,'the one who subdues all'. This name probably came to be because evenas a young child, Bharata loved to play with the fierce animals of theforest, seizing and restraining them with his bare hands.
It is alsobelieved that since Dushyanta supported his son after receiving thecelestial message, the boy came to be called Bharata, 'the supported'.Of course, there is no historical or mythological evidence to prove thetheory. This sometimes shows up in some dramatized versions ofKalidasa's Abhigyanashakuntalam.Bharata Becomes EmperorBharata, who became King in his youth, ruled long and virtuously,earned great name and fame. His empire was named Bharatavarsha.
He soongrew from strength to strength and earned several titles, including'Chakravarti' (emperor) and 'Sarvabhauma' (the omniscient one).The Bharata Vansha (Race). THE MAHABHARATAThe Bharata Vansha is very significant in Indian mythology, as thePandavas were descendants of the mighty king Bharata.
Here is anaccount of the great Bharata Vansha through the course of manycenturies, leading into the Mahabharata:. Bharata wedded Sunanda, thedaughter of Sarvasena, the ruler of Kashi. Bharata had in all three wives andnine sons. But none of them were like him.
The mothers of the childrenwere very angry and disappointed by this and hence, slew all theirchildren. Bharata then conducted a great yagna called 'mourisoma' and,by the grace of the sage, Bharadwaja, begot a son he named Bhumanyu.
Henamed this son his heir-apparent. Bhumanyu wedded Vijaya, thedaughter of Dasarha and they had a son named Suhotra.
Suhotra latermarried Suvarna, the daughter of Ikshvaku and they begot a son namedHasti. Hasti founded the city of Hastinapura. Hasti got married to Yashodhara,the princess of Trigarta. They had a son named Vikunthana. Vikunthana, in time, went on tomarry Sudeva, the princess of Dasarha. They had a son named Ajamidha.Ajamidha had four wives Raikeyi, Gandhari, Visala and Riksha.
By hiswife Riksha, Ajamidha begot a son, Samvarana. Samavarana married Tapati,Vivaswat's daughter and begot a son named Kuru. This great ruler wenton to create the Kurukshetra sacred by practising asceticism there. Kuru married Shubhangi and they gota son named Viduratha. Viduratha in turn married Supriya and they had ason named Anaswan. Anaswan got married to Amrita andthey had a son called Parikshit.
Parikshit then married Suvasa and theyhad a son, Bhimasena. Bhimasena in turn married Kumari and their sonwas named Pratisravas. Pratisravas' son was called Pratipa.
Pratipa got wedded to Sunanda andthey had three sons. Because the eldest son adopted the life of anascetic, the second son, Shantanu, ascended the throne. Shantanu became one of the mostimportant characters of the Mahabharata. He married, who bore hima son called Devavrata, who was later referred to as Bhishma. Shantanualso married Satyavati later and got two sons. Out of them,Vichitravirya ascended the throne. Satyavati had already had a son bysage Parashara, named Vedavyasa (also known as Dwaipayana).
Sage Vedvyasa had three children,Dhritarashtra, Pandu and Vidura. The 100 sons of Dhritarashtra werecollectively referred to as the Kauravas, while the five sons of Panduwere called the Pandavas. The Mahabharata starts off with thestory of the Pandavas and the Kauravas and their hatred for each other.The Pandavas married Draupadi or Panchali, as she is also known.Arjuna, one of the Pandavas, had many wives, one of which was 'ssister, Subhadra. By Subhadra, Arjuna begot Abhimanyu, who diedfighting in the Chakravyuha formation during the great Kurukshetra war. Abhimanyu married Uttar and theyhad a son called Parikshit, who took the Bharata Vamsa further aheadafter the Pandavas' time.